Medical and Scientific English

UNIT 1 MEDICAL LANGUAGE AND INTRODUCTION TO THE HUMAN BODY

LESSON 1 Welcome to medical English!

• The history of medical English
• Communicating with patients in English
• Spelling
• Pronunciation

LESSON 2 Word structure in medical English

• Word structure in medical English
• Word roots
• Prefixes
• Suffixes
• Combining words
• Abbreviations
• EXERCISES Lesson 1
• Lesson 2

LESSON 3 Talking about the body

• Introduction
• Body planes and directions
• Frontal or Coronal plane
• Sagittal plane
• Transverse plane
• Other body directions
• Body quadrants
• Body cavities

LESSON 4 Medical specialties

• Medical specialties
• Orthopaedics
• Dentistry
• Pulmonology
• Cardiology
• Gastroenterology
• Dermatology
• Haematology
• Immunology
• Neurology
• Endocrinology
• Andrology
• Gynaecology and Obstetrics
• Ophthalmology
• Otolaryngology
• EXERCISES Lesson 3
• Lesson 4

UNIT 2 ORTHOPAEDICS (I): THE SKELETAR SYSTEM

LESSON 1 The anatomy of the skeletal system – the axial skeleton

• Introduction
• The skull
• The bones of the chest
• Bones of the back

LESSON 2 The anatomy of the skeletal system – the appendicular skeleton

• Pectoral girdle – bones of the shoulders
• Upper Extremities
• Upper and lower arm
• Bones of the wrist, hand and fingers
• Bones of the hips
• Bones of the lower extremities
• Upper and lower leg
• Ankles, feet and toes
• Physiology of bone growth
• EXERCISES Lesson 1
• Lesson 2

LESSON 3 The most common diseases and disorders of the skeletal system

• The main diseases of the bones and skeleton
• Diseases of the vertebrae
• Diseases of the joints (arthropathy) and ligaments
• Arthritis

LESSON 4 The main diagnostic procedures and treatment of the skeletal system

• Laboratory and diagnostic procedures
• Blood tests
• Imaging tests
• Medical procedures
• EXERCISES Lesson 3
• Lesson 4

UNIT 3 ORTHOPAEDICS (II): THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM

LESSON 1 The anatomy of the muscular system (Part 1)
• Types of muscles
• Naming of the skeletal muscles
• Origins and insertions
• Joints
• Muscle movement

LESSON 2 The anatomy of the muscular system (Part 2)

• Muscles of the head and neck
• Muscles of the shoulder, chest and back
• Muscles of the upper extremity – arms and hands
• Muscles of the abdomen
• Muscles of the Lower Extremity – Legs and Feet
• Physiology of muscle contraction
• EXERCISES Lesson 1
• Lesson 2

LESSON 3 The main diseases and disorders of the muscular system

• The most common diseases of the muscles
• Movement disorders

LESSON 4 The main diagnostic procedures and treatment

• The most common laboratory and diagnostic procedures
• Blood tests
• Muscle tests
• The most common medical procedures
• Braces and adaptive devices
• Deep tendon reflexes (DTR)
• Muscle strength test
• Rehabilitation exercises
• Trigger point injections
• Surgical procedures
• EXERCISES Lesson 3
• Lesson 4

UNIT 4 ODONTOLOGY AND DENTISTRY

LESSON 1 Dental anatomy and physiology

• The oral cavity
• The teeth

LESSON 2 Dental charting

• Introduction
• Names of teeth
• Dentition
• Dental arches
• Tooth numbering systems
• Tooth surfaces
• Morphology of teeth
• Occlusion
• EXERCISES Lesson 1
• Lesson 2

LESSON 3 Dental instruments

• Introduction
• Hand cutting instruments
• Amalgam carriers, condensers, plastic filling instruments, carvers and burnishers
• Dental handpieces and rotary instruments

LESSON 4 Dental caries and periodontal disease

• Dental caries
• Restoration/filling procedure
• Periodontal disease
• Other forms of periodontal disease
• EXERCISES Lesson 3
• Lesson 4

UNIT 5 PULMONOLOGY AND THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

LESSON 1 The lungs and the respiratory system

• The anatomy of the upper respiratory system
• The nose and nasal cavity
• Pharynx
• Larynx
• The anatomy of the lower respiratory system
• Trachea
• Bronchi
• Alveoli
• The lungs

LESSON 2 Physiology of respiration

• Introduction
• Respiration
• The processes of respiration
• Respiratory rate
• EXERCISES
• Lesson 1
• Lesson 2

LESSON 3 The main diseases of the respiratory system

• Introduction
• Diseases of the upper respiratory system
• Diseases of bronchial tubes
• Diseases of the lungs

LESSON 4 The main diagnostic procedures and treatment

• Diagnostic procedures
• EXERCISES Lesson 3
• Lesson 4

UNIT 6 CARDIOLOGY AND THE VASCULAR SYSTEM

LESSON 1 The heart and the cardiovascular system

• Introduction
• The anatomy of the heart
• The cardiovascular system
• The wall of the heart

LESSON 2 Blood vessels

• Introduction
• Arteries, capillaries and veins
• EXERCISES Lesson 1
• Lesson 2

LESSON 3 Circulation of the blood and physiology of the heart

• Systemic circulation
• Pulmonary circulation
• Alveoli
• The beating heart: blood pressure
• How does the heart pump?
• The main cardiovascular diseases, diagnostic procedures and treatment
• Introduction
• Diagnosis
• Treatment for cardiovascular diseases
• EXERCISES Lesson 3
• Lesson 4

UNIT 7 GASTROENTEROLOGY AND THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

LESSON 1 The anatomy and physiology of the upper gastrointestinal system

• Introduction
• The upper gastrointestinal system

LESSON 2 The anatomy and physiology of the lower gastrointestinal system

• The small intestine
• The large intestine
• Accessory organs of the digestive system
• EXERCISES Lesson 1
• Lesson 2

LESSON 3 The main diseases of the digestive system

• Diseases and disorders
• Pharynx and oesophagus
• Stomach
• Small and large intestines
• Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
• Accessory Organs

LESSON 4 The main diagnostic procedures and treatment

• Diagnostic procedures
• Blood tests
• Gastric and fecal specimen tests
• Diagnostic tests
• X-ray exams and imaging
• Main therapeutic and surgical procedures
• EXERCISES Lesson 3
• Lesson 4

UNIT 8 DERMATOLOGY AND THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

LESSON 1 The integumentary system

• Introduction
• The layers of the skin
• Epidermis
• Dermis
• Hypodermis

LESSON 2 Accessory structures of the skin

• Introduction
• Hair
• Nails
• Sebaceous (oil) glands
• Sweat glands
• EXERCISES Lesson 1
• Lesson 2

LESSON 3 The main cutaneous diseases

• Introduction
• The most common contagious diseases

LESSON 4 The main diagnostic procedures and treatment

• Introduction
• Diagnostic procedures
• Culture and sensitivity test (C&S)
• Biopsy
• Wood’s Lamp
• Scratch (epicutaneous) or Prick Test
• Sweat Test
• Medical and surgical procedures
• Aesthetic procedures
• Blepharoplasty
• Botox injections
• Dermal fillers
• Liposuction
• Skin resurfacing techniques
• Rhytidectomy
• EXERCISES Lesson 3
• Lesson 4

UNIT 9 HAEMATOLOGY AND INMUNOLOGY

LESSON 1 The anatomy of blood

• Introduction
• Blood
• Plasma
• The formed elements
• Blood types

LESSON 2 The lymphatic and immune systems

• The lymphatic system
• Lymph or lymphatic fluid
• LymPhatic vessels
• Lymphoid tissues – cells and organs
• The immune system and immune response
• EXERCISES Lesson 1
• Lesson 2

LESSON 3 The main diseases of the blood and lymphatic system

The most common diseases of the blood

Anaemia

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

Haemophilia

Leukaemia

Mononucleosis

Multiple myeloma

Polycythemia vera

Thallassemia

Transfusion reaction

The most common diseases of the lymphatic system

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)

Lymphadenopathy

Lymphoedema

Lymphoma

Thymoma

Vasculitis

The most common immune disorders

LESSON 4 The main diagnostic procedures and treatment

• Introduction
• Blood tests
• Blood type
• Blood culture and sensitivity (C&S)
• Complete blood count (CBC)
• Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR, SR, Sed rate)
• Peripheral blood smear
• Coagulation tests
• Serum tests
• Urine tests
• Other blood tests
• Diagnostic Imaging
• The most common medical procedures
• The most common surgical procedures
• EXERCISES Lesson 3
• Lesson 4

UNIT 10 NEUROLOGY AND THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

LESSON 1 The Anatomy of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems

• Introduction
• The Anatomy of the Central Nervous System (CNS)
• The Brain
• The Spinal Cord
• The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
• The Somatic Nervous System
• The Autonomic Nervous System

LESSON 2 Physiology of a Neuron and Neuron Transmitters

• Nervous Tissue
• EXERCISES Lesson 1
• Lesson 2

LESSON 3 The Most Common Diseases of the Nervous System

• The Main Neurological Diseases and Disorders
• Amnesia
• Aphasia
• Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM)
• Brain Tumor
• Cephalalgia
• Cerebral Palsy
• Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)
• Coma
• Concussion
• Dementia
• Encephalitis
• Epilepsy
• Huntington’s Disease
• Meningitis
• Parkinson’s Disease
• Spinal Cord Injury
• Multiple Sclerosis

LESSON 4 The Main Diagnostic Procedures and Treatment

• Introduction
• Laboratory Tests
• Cerebrospinal Fluid Examination (CFS)
• Imaging Tests
• Cerebral Angiography
• Computed Axial Tomography (CAT, CT)
• Doppler Ultrasonography
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
• Myelography
• Positron Emission Tomography Scan (PET)
• Skull X-ray
• Other Diagnostic Tests
• Electro Encephalography (EEG)
• Evoked Potential Testing
• Nerve Conduction Study
• The Most Common Medical and Surgical Procedures
• Babinski’s Sign
• Glasgow Coma Scale
• Lumbar Puncture
• Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE)
• Neurologic Examination
• Spinal Traction
• Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) Unit
• Specific Surgical Procedures
• Carotid Endarterectomy
• Discectomy
• Stereotactic Neurosurgery
• Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt
• EXERCISES Lesson 3
• Lesson 4

UNIT 11 ENDOCRINOLOGY AND THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

LESSON 1 The Anatomy of the Endocrine System

• Introduction
• The Anatomy of the Endocrine System
• Hypothalamus
• Pituitary Gland
• Pineal Gland
• Thyroid Gland
• Parathyroid Glands
• Thymus Gland
• Pancreas
• Adrenal Glands
• Ovaries
• Testes

LESSON 2 Physiology of Hormones

• Hormone Response and Feedback
• EXERCISES Lesson 1
• Lesson 2

LESSON 3 The Main Diseases and Disorders

• of the Endocrine System
• Introduction
• Hyperadrenalism and Hypoadrenalism
• Hypercalcemia and Hypocalcemia
• Hyperthyroidism
• Hypothyroidism
• Pancreatitis
• Pituitary Gigantism

LESSON 4 The Main Diagnostic Procedures

• and Treatment
• Laboratory and Diagnostic Procedures
• Blood Tests
• Urine Tests
• Imaging Tests
• EXERCISES Lesson 3
• Lesson 4

UNIT 12 ANDROLOGY, GYNAECOLOGY, AND OBSTETRICS

LESSON 1 The Anatomy and Physiology of the Male Reproductive System

• Introduction
• External Organs
• Internal Organs
• Physiology of Spermatogenesis and Ejaculation
• Spermatogenesis
• Ejaculation

LESSON 2 The Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Reproductive System

• Introduction
• Internal Organs
• External Genitalia
• Menstrual Cycle
• Pregnancy
• Labour and Delivery
• EXERCISES Lesson 1
• Lesson 2

LESSON 3 The Main Diseases and Disorders of the Male Reproductive System, Diagnostic Procedures and Treatment

• Introduction
• Testes and Epididymis
• Prostate
• Penis
• Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD)
• The Most Common Laboratory and Diagnostic Procedures
• Blood Tests
• Semen Tests
• Diagnostic Imagery

LESSON 4 The Main Diseases and Disorders of the Female Reproductive System, Diagnostic Procedures and Treatment

• Ovaries and Uterine Tubes
• Menstrual Disorders
• Cervix
• Vaginal Infections
• Breasts
• Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD)
• Pregnancy, Labour and Delivery
• During Pregnancy
• During Labour and Delivery
• The Most Common Laboratory and Diagnostic Procedures
• Gynaecological Tests
• Diagnostic Imagery
• EXERCISES Lesson 3
• Lesson 4

UNIT 13 OPHTHALMOLOGY AND OTOLARYNGOLOGY

LESSON 1 The Anatomy and Physiology of the Eye

• Introduction
• The Anatomy of the Eye
• Physiology of Vision

LESSON 2 The Anatomy and Physiology of the Ear

• Introduction
• Anatomy of the Auditory System
• Vestibule and Semicircular Canals
• Cochlea
• Physiology of the Sense of Hearing
• EXERCISES Lesson 1
• Lesson 2

LESSON 3 Diseases, Disorders, Diagnostic Procedures and Treatment in Ophthalmology

• Refractive Disorders
• Inflammation and Infection
• Pathologies

LESSON 4 Diseases, Disorders, Diagnostic Procedures and Treatment in Otolaryngology

• The Main Diseases and Disorders of the Ear
• Hearing Loss
• The Main Diagnostic and Surgical Procedures
• Diagnostic Tests
• EXERCISES Lesson 3
• Lesson 4